Was Chivalry in Decline During the 14th and 15th Centuries Free Essays

Far from disappearing, chivalry during the 14 and 15th centuries it was actually going through somewhat of a revival, some historians even go as far to say it was experiencing a â€Å"renascence† in the late middle ages albeit an imperfect one. Even though it appears in this period of medieval history that chivalry was becoming all the more popular, fashionable even, the meaning and spirit behind chivalry that were so important during the first crusades were dilapidated, therefore one can see why it can be viewed that chivalry was in decline in the 14th 15th century. This is especially apparent seeing as Chivalry became a tool to be wielded by those privileged enough to have the money and influence to use it. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Chivalry in Decline During the 14th and 15th Centuries or any similar topic only for you Order Now Furthermore despite the large amount of bravado surrounding chivalry in the later medieval period, this just underlines the fact that chivalry in the 14th and 15th centuries was a hollow shell of what it had been in the time of the crusades. Kilgour indentifies chivalry in the early medieval period as the â€Å"First heroic age† where a â€Å"fusion of military glory and religion† was achieved for the first time. In his description of the glory of chivalry in its early days Kilgour only stresses the devaluation of chivalry in its time of decline in the 14th and 15th century. The writings of J Huizinga in which he describes the return of chivalry as †a rather artificial revival of things long dead, a sort of deliberate and insincere renascence of ideas drained of any real value† offer a clear analysis of chivalry and its decline as an ideal with any real meaning during the 14th and 15th century. Even though to a large extent he is certainly right to view chivalry as a hollow shell of what it was, his statement is slightly implausible because by no means were there no chivalric deeds performed that would not have seemed out of place some 200 years earlier during the crusades, for example: â€Å"A knight of the nation of Hainault named Sir Loys de Robessart. One day it happened that his enemies found him in a village with few of his people with him. There they attacked him and staged a fine skirmish. And although his enemies where great in numbers and much stronger he drove them out of he village. Thereupon a great force of his enemies renewed the attack, and although he sighted them at a distance, all the same he disdained to flee or to show any signs of fear. But with very steady, noble and virtuous courage sallied forth and in order to uphold the honour of this order of chivalry and of himself he determined to hold his ground, and there he died gloriously, for before he di ed when he saw he could not hold he made his men withdraw to the castle, for which act he was greatly praised both by his enemies and his own men. † From this example it is apparent that there were cases in which chivalric actions were not completely selfless, suggesting to one that chivalry was not in decline. Never the less mindful of Maurice Keens remark that the value of chivalry signified by the heroic ideals of the earlier romances has been lost to sight in a quest for imitative decoration, it is thus easy to see that perhaps even the most selfless cases of chivalry recorded by historians like the tale of Roberssart just suit to underpin the inherent flaws in late medieval chivalry with their â€Å"quest for imitative decoration. There is however one issue in the early medieval period that is conceivably the defining factor in best determining if there was a decline in chivalry in the 14th and 15th century, one that is not explored by Huizinga or Kilgour. It is whether the state of chivalry in its â€Å"first heroic age† was any different in its ideals and value before it had collapsed into a â€Å"mad, exaggerated display. One aspect that might prove this conclusion to be correct is raised by Maurice Keen who observes that some of the evidence describing chivalry, although being less plentiful in the 12th century is remarkably similar to what is being said two or three hundred years later. This example is enough to convince one that there was little difference in the spirit of chivalry at its beginning in the 12th and 13th centuries, suggesting that there was not a decline in chivalry due to it losing its meaning because that meaning was unchanged in some two hundred years. Despite her argument there is some evidence which disproves Maurice Keen’s notion of a chivalric spirit unchanged over two hundred years, which apart from being implausible, is proved to be inaccurate due to the evolution of chivalry as a tool to be used for selfish ends further undermining the ideals for which chivalry stands. The best illustration of chivalry being used as a tool is when it started to be harnessed for means of propaganda. This can be seen most prominently at the Vow of the Pheasant and the banquet held at Lille in 1445, in which the banquet was used to lavishly display a sense of chivalry with the intention of trying to gain the adequate support to initiate a crusade along the Mediterranean. However this was no excessive imitation of the past but was a calculated move by King Philip the Good, a move which perfectly illustrates the decline of chivalry in the late Middle Ages. What one also needs to understand is that this was not an isolated case. Chivalry was used as a tool in other ways as well. For example many Dukes’ Counts and court officials hoped that by exploiting the genuine respect for chivalrous values and conduct they could â€Å"solidify† respect for their rather â€Å"shaky† ducal authority. This point is interestingly supported by Maurice Keen who despite her previous argument explains that â€Å"chivalry was something secular princes could exploit† mainly because it was taken so seriously by â€Å"a very important sector of people. What makes her statement even more plausible is that it is reinforced by Raymond Kilgour, whose view is that an event such as these pageants evolved without a â€Å"deeper value to society† such was the extent to the dilapidation of chivalry, and its decline in the 14th and 15th centuries Despite much evidence to prove that chivalry was in decline in the late medieval period of the 14th and 15th centuries, some events just do not lend themselves to be interpreted it in this way. Especially when taken into account that a definition of the word decline is â€Å"the period when something reaches its end† this is particularly interesting as there are some documents which raise the question whether chivalry actually ever reached a period of definite decline at all in the 15th and 14th centuries, despite its withering spirit. One such piece of evidence that supports this view is a table listing all books printed in Venice in reference to military affairs. This specific document is useful because of all the works devoted to military affairs or dealing with them, the most prevalent category of book published was that of the laws of war and chivalry. The fact that this table lists books on chivalric warfare as being so popular this late on in the 1400’s must denote that chivalry was not in decline, for if it was going through a tangible Decline it would surely not have been such a popular subject for publishing. However if we are to take Huizinga’s view that chivalry was nothing more than â€Å"a rather artificial revival of things long dead† this would explain why even though chivalry exercised a â€Å"disastrous† affect on wars in this period of late medieval period it was still so wrote about. Another interpretation which supports Huizinga’s view is that litterateurs of the time where probably trying to capitalize on chivalry as a popular subject, similar to the way that secular princes used chivalry as a tool as Maurice Keen pointed out. Chivalry in practise was obviously not in decline in the late medieval period however in spirit it was, a perfect exhibition of this is shown through the disastrous effect chivalry had on the outcome of wars and on France itself. This was mainly the doing of King John the Good whose reign was â€Å"disastrous† to France because of his â€Å"chivalric prejudice†, as is pointed out by J Huizinga who rightly claims that it was King Johns â€Å"chivalric stubbornness† and carelessness which cost him the battle of Poitiers in 1356, as well as one of his most celebrated chivalric knights Geroffroi De Charny. This use of chivalry almost seems as though it’s being used to keep up appearances with what was fashionable at the time no matter the cost, and as a result underlines the decline in the spirit of chivalry and therefore the decline of chivalry itself. In conclusion the â€Å"cult† of chivalry as it is sometimes called in the later middle ages is generally considered by the majority of historians who deal with it indirectly or directly as meaningless, and therefore it has to be perceived as being in decline. Karl Brandi labelled the elaborate protocol at play in chivalric court as an â€Å"impressive, sumptuous yet wholly meaningless shell. † Similarly J Huizinga described chivalry as â€Å"naive† and â€Å"imperfect. † Raymond Kilgour on the other hand stated that chivalry was an â€Å"extravagant† illusion to try and maintain a feeling of â€Å"significance. † All these statements overwhelmingly point at a chivalry in a dire state of decline in the late medieval period, however in reality it was going through a revival. Despite this revival, chivalry was weak in spirit and had disastrous effects on society, the outcomes of war and on France itself. From this assumption it’s hard not to see that although chivalry in practise was not in decline in practise its meanings and ideals were, hence why one can see that chivalry was in decline in the 14 and 15th century. How to cite Was Chivalry in Decline During the 14th and 15th Centuries, Papers

Physiology and Human Anatomy

Questions: 1. a) Filtration, secretion and excretion b) Clearance , excretion and glomerular filtration rate 2. a) What types of anabolic steroids would they use b) What could be some undesirable effects of taking such steroids? 3. Why is the endocrine system considered one of the integrative systems of the body? Answers: 1. a) Filtration, secretion and excretion Filtration Filtration is the movement of water and solutes from plasma to the renal tubule that occurs in the renal corpuscle. at any given time about 20% of the plasma volume passing through the glomerulus is filtered. In other words, about180 litersof fluid are filtered by the kidneys every day. That means, the entire plasma volume (which is about 3 liters) is filtered almost 60 times a day. Filtration is primarily driven in the capillaries of the glomerulus by fluid pressure (blood pressure). It has to be remember that kidneys filter much more fluid than the actual amount of urine excreted (which about 1.5 liters per day). This is essential for the kidneys to rapidly remove waste and toxins from the plasma efficiently. Secretion After filtration has occurred, secretion of additional substances into the tubular fluid by the tubules continues. This enhances the kidney's ability to eliminate certain wastes and toxins. It is also essential for the regulation of plasma potassium concentrations and pH. Excretion The result of the above processes is excretion, which goes into the urine. Initially the original concentration of a substance in the tubule fluid may be close to that of plasma, subsequent filtration, re-absorption and secretion can dramatically alter the final concentration in the urine. The amount of a particular substance that is excreted is determined can be written in simple formula: E.g. amount filtered - amount reabsorbed + amount secreted= amount excreted b) Clearance , excretion and glomerular filtration rate Renal clearance is a measurement that allows one to analyze the activity of the kidney. The definition for clearance could be defined is thevolume of plasmafrom which a substance is completely removed by the kidney in a minute. As an example if we say, the clearance for urea is 65 ml/min. This means that the kidney removes all of the urea in 65 ml of plasma in one minute. Every minute approximately 625 ml of plasma goes to the kidney. This is called the renal plasma flow. Some of the fluid leaves the kidney in the plasma while some leaves the kidney as urine. There are only two ways for a substance to end up in the urine: the substance either it isnot filtered but issecretedby from theperitubular capillariesinto thetubules or it is filteredat theglomerulusand then notreabsorbedfrom thetubules,. In either instance, the substance ends up in thecollecting ductand has been excreted into the urine (de Souza and Hallak, 2011). Of the 625 ml/min of plasma that goes to theglomerulus, 125 ml/min are filtered intoBowman's Capsuleforming the filtrate (this is known as the glomerular filtration rate). The remaining 500 ml/min remain in the blood and enter into theperitubular capillaries. Of the 125 ml/min which was filtered initally , almost all of the water in this fluid is reabsorbed and put back into the blood. It is important to remember that the composition of the filtrate inBowman's Capsuleisidenticalto the composition of the plasma except that the filtrate has no or very few proteins. It has to be remember that this is not true for the urine. This means, for example, that the concentration of glucose in the filtrate inBowman's Capsuleis the same as that in the plasma. Glomerular filtration rate GFR - glomerular filtration rate is the test to measure ones level of kidney function and which determine if there are any kidney disease is present or not. It can be calculated from the results of age, body size blood, gender, and creatinine test. If the GFR number is low, kidneys are not working properly as they should. The glomerular filtration rate is 125ml/min in a normal person but person with diabetes, high blood pressure or any other cardiovascular diseases shows altered rate of glomerular filtration. 2. a) What types of anabolic steroids would they use Anabolic steroids are synthetic hormones, which mimics the structure and function of male hormone testosterone and androgens (Bowman, 1990). Types of anabolic steroids used by athelets are Testosterone Nandrolone Boldenone Stanozolol Dan azol Mesterolone b) What could be some undesirable effects of taking such steroids? Kidneys are involved in filtration and removal of metabolic byproduct from the body. When steroid compounds cause strains in the renal structure. Because of anabolic steroids blood pressure most likely to rise in the body as well as in the kidney and this high blood pressure glomerular filtration rate are severely hampered. Along with kidney dysfunction prostate enlargement, testicular atrophies, liver dysfunction, hair loss, depression , gyncomastia , cardiovascular disease are also observed because of abuses or misuses of anabolic steroids(de Souza and Hallak, 2011). 3. Why is the endocrine system considered one of the integrative systems of the body? The endocrine system is considered one of the integrative systems of the body because the hormones produced by the system act locally as well as different other parts of the body. Hormones from the endocrine system, they cross talk to the cell and tissues of different organs and systems of the body and maintains integrity throughout the system. As per George P Chrousos Cells communicate with each other through molecular messengers, the hormones. The simple definition of a hormone as an intercellular messenger is much more inclusive than the original one, which limited the hormones to substances produced by specialized multicellular organsthe glandsthat circulated in blood and acted on distant target organs. This simplification allowed single cells to be considered glands or targets of hormones, or both, and eliminated blood circulation as a prerequisite. The concept of endocrine function thus was expanded to paracrine, autocrine, juxtacrine, and intracrine functions, whereas the classic endocrine system, which included the traditional endocrine axes, was expanded to every organ and cell in the body that produced and responded to hormones. (Chrousos, 2007) References: Astor, B., Shaikh, S. and Chaudhry, M. (2013). Associations of endogenous markers of kidney function with outcomes. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 22(3), pp.331-335. BASELINE TOTAL KIDNEY VOLUME IS ASSOCIATED WITH WORSENING OF KIDNEY FUNCTION INDEPENDENTLY OF BASELINE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE IN PATIENTS WITH AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE. (2014). American Journal of Kidney Diseases, 63(5), p.B90. Hori, Y., Murayama, T., Fukushima, K. and Takahashi, H. (2011). Relations between Glomerular Filtration Rate of Chronic Kidney Disease with Cardiac Size and Function in Patients with Chronic Atrial Fibrillation. J Arrhythmia, 27(Supplement), pp.PJ3_023. JOHNSON, D. (2005). Use of estimated glomerular filtration rate to assess level of kidney function. Nephrology, 10(s4), pp.S140-S156. Stevens, L., Coresh, J., Greene, T. and Levey, A. (2006). Assessing Kidney Function Measured and Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate. New England Journal of Medicine, 354(23), pp.2473-2483. Bowman, S. (1990). Anabolic steroids and infarction. BMJ, 300(6726), pp.750-750. de Souza, G. and Hallak, J. (2011). Anabolic steroids and male infertility: a comprehensive review. BJU International, 108(11), pp.1860-1865. Chrousos, G. (2007). Organization and Integration of the Endocrine System: The Arousal and Sleep Perspective. Sleep Medicine Clinics, 2(2), pp.125-145.

Belleau wood essays

Belleau wood essays The battle of Belleau Wood, June 1-26 of 1918, was fought five miles immediately northwest of the town of Chateau-Thierry on the River Marne, The Aisne-Marne Sector. Belleau Wood was approximately a mile in length and of irregular shape. It was mostly heavily wooded, cut by a deep ravine on the southern section, and also huge boulders scattered the area. Marines fought one of their greatest battles in history at Belleau Wood. The Marines helped to crush a German offensive that threatened Paris. The three-week long battle was not a masterminds work. Rather, it was a confused mess; often enough the soldiers didnt know where they, the enemy, or the front line was located on that one mile-square dark, bloody forest. This made it almost impossible to communicate on accounts of location and progress during the actions. Prisoners were numbered into the hundreds. One day, after an attack, the prisoner count grew by more than 300. There had been 1200 Germans in the woods that day, and with the exception of those prisoners, nearly all the rest were slain by the marines. This shows the intensity of which the Americans fought. The prisoners reported that they were glad to have a chance to surrender, seeing as though the artillery fire for three days had cut off their food and other supplies. The American attack was a furious one in which the Germans were rather impressed. The battle of Belleau Wood was the first battle in which the AEF (Allied Expeditionary Forces) recorded major casualties associated with the Great War. On this day, the Marine Brigade suffered the worse single-days casualties in the history of the United States Marine Corps, with the killing of 1087 men killed or wounded. The characterization of the USMCs determination and dedication impressed the adversaries and also proved to both the allies and adversaries that America was on the Western Front to fight. ...

Biography of Francesco Clemente, Neo-Expressionist Artist

Biography of Francesco Clemente, Neo-Expressionist Artist Francesco Clemente (born March 23, 1952) is an Italian artist most closely associated with the Neo-Expressionist movement. His work reacts against Conceptual and Minimalist Art by returning to figurative ideas and techniques from the past. His work is influenced by other cultures, most strongly that of India, and he frequently collaborates with artists and filmmakers. Fast Facts: Francesco Clemente Occupation: ArtistKnown For: Key figure in the Neo-Expressionist artistic movement Born: March 23, 1952 in Naples, ItalyEducation: University of RomeSelected Works: Name (1983), Alba (1997), The Sopranos (2008)Notable Quote: When I look at a drawing of a person, I look at that person as living. Early Life and Career Born into an aristocratic family, Francesco Clemente grew up in Naples, Italy. He studied architecture at the University of Rome. He has spoken about a philosophical crisis that he experienced as a student. He felt deeply the fact that all people, including himself, would eventually die, and he believed he had no specific separate identity or consciousness from others. He said, I believe there is such a thing as an imagination shared by the different contemplative traditions. Self-Portrait (1991). Sally Larson (CC BY-SA 3.0) Clementes first solo exhibition took place in Rome in 1971. His works explored the concept of identity. He studied with Italian conceptual artist Alighiero Boetti and met American artist Cy Twombly, who lived in Italy. Boetti and Clemente traveled to India in 1973. There, Clemente encountered the Indian Buddhist concept of anatman, or lack of self, which became a central thematic element in his work. He opened a studio in Madras, India, and created his 1981 series of gouache paintings titled Francesco Clemente Pinxit while working with painters in the Indian states of Orissa and Jaipur. In 1982, Clemente moved to New York City, where he quickly became a fixture of the art scene. Since then, he has lived primarily in three different cities: Naples, Italy; Varanasi, India; and New York City. Neo-Expressionism Francesco Clemente became part of what was known as the Transavanguardi or Transavantgarde movement among artists in Italy. In the U.S., the movement is considered part of the broader Neo-Expressionist movement. It is a sharp reaction to Conceptual and Minimalist Art. The Neo-Expressionists returned to figurative art, symbolism, and an exploration of emotions in their works. Neo-Expressionism emerged in the late 1970s and began to dominate the art market for the first half of the 1980s. The movement received sharp criticism for the omission or marginalization of female artists in favor of all-male shows. Clemente was at the center of sometimes-heated discussions about Neo-Expressionism and its authenticity. With its relative lack of political content, some observers criticized the movement for being inherently conservative and market-focused instead of concerned with the creation of art itself. Clemente responded that he didnt feel it was necessary to tamper with reality in his work and said that he preferred to present the world as it truly exists. One of Clementes best-known Neo-Expressionist works is his 1983 piece entitled Name. The vividly-colored painting depicts a man, who looks similar to Clemente, staring out at the viewer. There are small versions of the man inside his ear, eye sockets, and his mouth. Another significant portrait in Clementes career is his 1997 painting titled Alba, featuring the artists wife. She is a frequent subject for his paintings. In the portrait, she is reclining in a slightly uncomfortable pose. The image feels like it is squeezed into the frame, giving the viewer a claustrophobic sensation. Many of Clementes portraits have a similarly distorted, almost uncomfortable style. Collaborations In the 1980s, Francesco Clemente began a series of collaborations with other artists, poets, and filmmakers. One of the first of those was a 1983 project with Andy Warhol and Jean-Michel Basquiat. The artists each began their own individual paintings, then swapped so that the next artist could add their own content. The result was a series of canvases full of dramatic flourishes that are instantly recognizable as belonging to an individual artist; these flourishes collide into and overlap each other. In 1983, Clemente began his first project with poet Allen Ginsberg. One of their three collaborative works is the book White Shroud, with illustrations by Francesco Clemente. In the 1990s, Clemente worked with the poet Robert Creeley on a series of books. Another joint project was Clementes 2008 work with New Yorks Metropolitan Opera. He first worked with the renowned opera company when he created a large banner for the Philip Glass opera Satyagraha. Later in the year, Clemente created a series of paintings called The Sopranos: portraits of the divas featured in the Metropolitan Operas 2008-2009 season. They were created over a four-month period and featured the singers in their stage roles. Film and TV Appearances Francesco Clemente began his association with the film industry in 1997, when he made a cameo appearance as a hypnotherapist in Good Will Hunting. In 1998, Clemente created approximately two hundred paintings for director Alfonso Cuarons adaptation of Charles Dickens classic Great Expectations. In 2016, Clemente appeared in a film by independent writer, director, and actor Adam Green titled Adam Greens Aladdin. In the reworking of the Arabian Nights story, Aladdins dysfunctional family lives in an average American city ruled by a corrupt sultan. Francesco Clemente appears as the genie, Mustafa. Clemente is a frequent subject of TV interviews. One of the best-known is an extended interview with Charlie Rose in 2008 from his self-titled PBS show. Legacy and Influence Clementes work often defies specific characterization. Although he uses figural techniques associated with Neo-Expressionism, his pieces are not always intensely emotional in content. He eagerly embraces inspiration from artistic traditions other than his own. He encourages other artists to experiment boldly with media and techniques that are new to them. Travels, everyday life, and study in India heavily influence Francesco Clementes work. He has avidly studied Indian spiritual texts, and he began studying the Sanskrit language in New York in 1981. In 1995, he took a trip to Mount Abu in the Himalayas and painted a watercolor a day for fifty-one consecutive days. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City organized a major retrospective of Clementes work in 2000. Another retrospective at the Irish Museum of Modern Art in Dublin followed in 2004. Source Dennison, Lisa. Clemente. Guggenheim Museum Publications, 2000.

Critical Thinking Application Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critical Thinking Application Paper - Essay Example The ability of each individual to think critically varies. Critical thinking hinges on a few critical elements, these being precision, significance, vigor, fairness and rationality. Today in our rapidly evolving and changing business environment where there is a constant pressure to innovate products and services, an organization cannot remain competitive without the incorporation of critical thinking in its decision making processes. This being only possible if the employees of an organization are equipped to undertake a process of decision making that is purposeful and directed and hence in line with critical thinking. According to Process Management for a business to succeed it is essential that employees are taught to become more conscious of the thought process of an organization and that of the customers. They should be proficient in ‘language precision, being able to examine hidden assumptions, identify effective inferential reasoning and evaluate claims and reasons†™ in order to think critically. There are many examples of critical thinking in a work environment.

Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Business Decision Making - Essay Example The move can result in either being positive or negative depending on the approach used in the new market segments. There are 3 groups that are likely to benefit from this study. The first lot consists of the company employees who may gain skills in pitching new customers in the new market niche. Identifying customer trend may help them to take the necessary actions to coup with challenges that may arise in the event of initiating business activities in the new markets. Through sharing this knowledge, the employees can act as machines to aid management in implementing appropriate marketing strategies. The second group is the employers who automatically gain insight as to how new market can actually be managed having consumer preference data. Finally, business analysts can use these findings as valuable guide whenever advising Appalachian PLC. Through analysts, the firm can be in a position to determine whether they will have a significant profit income or not. The study was limited to the real income and age of clients in China from a merchandise firm in the UK; the interest was on the type of prices that can be charged and the levels of income in China. For the purpose of this study, what constitute pricing is determined by the employer. This study was restricted to customers based in China. This sample included a range of customers evenly distributed within China Republic. Barden, a freelance writer specializing in new business ventures and a former managing editor of Commerce and Accounting, stated the importance of through market research and gave specific examples of new markets that have successfully been reached. The Company that was used in undertaking the research activity currently makes huge profits for every furniture sale by offering services such as customized furniture according to customer need, amount of cash, and customer locality.

Loyal Readership Of Different Types Of Media Media Essay

Loyal Readership Of Different Types Of Media Media Essay Loyal readership of different types of media (newspapers and magazines) can be very useful for advertisements. For instance; if a firm or brand is advertising a good or service for a particular geographical area, they can do so easily through print media. A local daily newspaper or a weekly tabloid would be the finest medium to promote a new shopping center or mall. However, there are limitations to this medium. It may not give a wide reach for all time. On the contrary, Internet can target a huge audience. (Buzzle 2010) The competition is tough between print media and electronic media. However, both the media remain successful in shaping the opinion and advertising the product. Mass communication floods readers on routine basis in the form of both print and electronic media. One might feel that print media has more advantages in contrast with electronic and vice versa. Rather, each of these types of mass communication has its own characteristics. Bothe the media share much in common. In fact, the newspaper industry depends on both print and electronic media to broadcast news to its readership base. (Withers) While both print media and electronic media venture to communicate textual content, each of these two types of communication must attend to unique concerns in order to deliver readable content. Computer has its own benefits including Spell-check and auto-suggest functions in word processing programs. These functions assist the authors in writing. Moreover, online audiences are inclined to be more responsive and are more enthusiastic for participating in debates. Other features available online such as website layout, font size and screen glare are more fascinating and cheaper as compared to the print version. However, the credibility of content and authenticity of news is questionable when it comes to online papers. (Fiore 2010) It should be understood as well that there is a problem with having everything be web-based, something people know if theyve ever been working in an environment where their work depends on having a network connection. What if you cant get online? What if theres a problem with the website? What happens when the 10-year-old Cambodian hackers consortium finally gets lucky with their SuperVirus? (Fiore 2010) Browsing material available within print and electronic media requires readers to employ different search plan. With minimal knowledge and software, computer users can create searchable PDF documents at their homes or in their offices. Likewise, search tags are a great help to users if they want to search emails, photos and virtual bookmarks. Print media can be organized into folders (for e.g. newspaper sections). It is on a readers convenience to prefer one type of media over another. It depends profoundly on readers own psychology. (Withers) Seemingly, print media is being overcome by electronic media. In this epoch of information technology, old methods of transferring information such as the Newspapers and magazines are slowly but surely losing down their magnitude in contrast to the computer even in the marketing world. (Hrastnik 2005) Whatever the case may be, media has strong influence on public ever since the advent of mass communication through media. Our opinions are shaped by what we are shown and told on television and in newspapers. Populations personal belief or judgment regarding certain facts or issues is majorly formed by media. Journalism or any other form of transferring information increasingly relates to psychology of public. Psychology brings cognitive theories to media studies. It helps the journalism to relate more to what is presented by media and what is received by the public. Participatory journalism is the result of such theories. In educational discussions of mass media, psychology has long endowed with perceptions, techniques, and theories of its function. All types of media can be portrayed in simple terms, for instance if someone comments about a movie that it was comical or romantic or heartbreaking, or saying an article was very distinguished, or describing the Internet as chaotic. But when the theories of a discipline are added to an investigation of something, those theories give the subject matter a structure, or a hypothetical standpoint. Though what psychologists have revealed about media and its interaction with public is diverse. Some psychologists explore the messages we see or hear and their influence on people: subliminal messages in advertisements or the way women are portrayed on television. Women on television are commonly very skinny. Psychologists have done research that proposes that the bonny women on television make a stereotype that reads aloud that women should be thin. But the real-life women have different body sizes so they dont feel good about themselves. Research also tells that because of these stereotypes eating disorders have increased among women. Sometimes it is what we do not see and hear in the media that makes or enforces a stereotype. For instance, have you ever seen a sitcom that revolves around an Asian-American family? Not seeing Asian-Americans on television keeps such people invisible in the mainstream of society. Since the media has become a source of shared cultural experience that people use to understand the world around them, it is important to explore what we are getting from the media. (Lane 2001) Nonetheless, social responsibility is the basic element for any medium of communication in which media get support to report responsibly. Equilibrium must be struck between complete control over information and lack of restraint.